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EXISTENCE / UNIVERSE

Why does anything exist at all?

We don’t know why the universe exists – Caleb A. Scharf

What is the universe made of? – Birch, Stuart & Loo (2013): Over the past 80 years it has become clear that the substantial remainder is comprised of two shadowy entities — dark matter and dark energy. The former, first discovered in 1933, acts as an invisible glue, binding galaxies and galaxy clusters together. Unveiled in 1998, the latter is pushing the universe’s expansion to ever greater speeds.

We don’t know what dark matter, or dark energy, is – Caleb A. Scharf

LIFE

What is life force?

What is consciousness? – Birch, Stuart & Loo (2013)

How did life begin? – Birch, Stuart & Loo (2013): A few simple chemicals got together and made biology — the first molecules capable of replicating themselves appeared. We humans are linked by evolution to those early biological molecules. But how did the basic chemicals present on early Earth spontaneously arrange themselves into something resembling life? How did we get DNA? What did the first cells look like? More than half a century after the chemist Stanley Miller proposed his “primordial soup” theory, we still can’t agree about what happened.

What makes us human? (Birch, Stuart & Loo (2013)) We don’t understand our own biology (Caleb A. Scharf)

Why do we dream? – Birch, Stuart & Loo (2013)

Unsolved problems in biology—The state of current thinking (A comprehensive list by Sukhendu B. Dev)

10 Unsolved Questions In Neuroscience (Asian Scientist)

Are we alone in the universe? (Birch, Stuart & Loo (2013)) We don’t know whether life exists anywhere else (Caleb A. Scharf)

QUANTUM WORLD

We probably haven’t really figured out the quantum world – Caleb A. Scharf

EARTH

We don’t know how the Earth works – Caleb A. Scharf

MATHEMATICS

We can’t prove or solve many of our own mathematical conjectures and problems – Caleb A. Scharf

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

We don’t know how to make an artificial intelligence – Caleb A. Scharf

Further Reading:

  1. https://breakthroughprize.org
  2. http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/
  3. http://www.claymath.org
  4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_unsolved_problems
  5. https://www.livescience.com/34052-unsolved-mysteries-physics.html
  6. https://stfc.ukri.org/news-events-and-publications/features/the-story-of-dark-matter/top-10-unsolved-mysteries-of-the-strange-universe/

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